Leander Bindewald’ın 9. New City Reader [Ekonomi] sayısı için kaleme aldığı makale:
Konu ne zaman dünyayı değiştirmek meselesine gelse, ekonominin iyi bir başlangıç noktası olacağı söylenir. Ekonomiyi değiştirmek deyince de işe para rejiminden başlamanın gerekli olduğu “gizli” bir bilgi değil. Bu noktada iki stratejiden bahsedilebilir. Birinci strateji, bugünün dünyasında paranın yaratılması ve dağıtılması aşamalarındaki sorunları ortaya koymak ve bu iki aşamaya uygun daha akıllıca çözümler üretilmesi (yani parasal bir reform) için kulis faaliyeti yapmaktır. Bu yaklaşım yaşamın her alanını etkileyecek, topyekûn bir gelişme vaat eder. Kurulu düzenin çıkarlarına ters düşen, diğer yandan hem siyaset yanlısı hem de siyaset karşıtı karakterlere hitap eden ikinci strateji ise bir bütün olarak paraya ve ekonomiye yaklaşımımızı yeniden tasarlamayı içerir. Başka bir deyişle, bu stratejide mevcut sistemin kıyılarında yeni parasal alt-sistemler inşa edilir ve bunların sistemin içerisinden öngörülemeyecek, yaşayabilir alternatiflere dönüşmesine izin verilir. Bu türden inisiyatiflerin ortak noktası yeni para birimlerinin yaratılmasıdır; burada esas olan ise tamamlayıcılık ve topluluk mefhumlarıdır.
Pek çok kişi için bu çaba, hiçbir zaman normatif olamayacak, idealist bir girişim olarak kalacak ya da en iyi ihtimalle ancak krizin derinleştiği ya da finansal sistemlerin bütünüyle çöktüğü noktada bir anlam ifade edecektir. Gerçekten de ulusal ya da yasal bir niteliği olmayan bu türden para birimi örnekleri hep kriz zamanlarında ortaya çıkmıştır. En bilinen örnekler Büyük Buhran esnasında ABD’de ya da Avrupa’da, 2000’li yılların başında Arjantin’deki iktisadi çöküş sırasında ya da şimdilerde Yunanistan’da denenen örneklerdir.
Ne var ki son yıllarda bu fikirlerin yeni yeni bir akademik disipline dönüştüğünü ve küresel hareket içinde ifade bulmaya başladığını görüyoruz. 1970’lerdeki petrol krizinin yerel grupları giderek daha fazla ekonomik güvence arayışına itmesiyle birlikte LETS (Yerel Mübadele Ticaret Şemaları) yaygın biçimde kullanılan bir para birimi olarak gündeme geldi. Kısa bir süre sonra ise LETS’in açtığı yoldan giden (üyelerin bir diğer üyeden aldıkları hizmet karşılığı olarak zamanlarını yatırdıkları) zaman bankacılığı fikri ortaya çıktı ve özellikle sektörler arası alanda küresel bir yaygınlık kazandı. İktisadın haylaz çocuğu Silvio Gesell’in (1862-1930) fikirlerinden ilham alan bir dizi yerel girişim, 2000’li yılların başında yasal dayanağı da olan yerel ve bölgesel para birimleri oluşturdu; istifçiliği yasaklayan bu yeni modellerin amacı paranın dolaşım hızını arttırarak talebi canlandırmaktı. Almanya’nın güneyinde ortaya çıkan, ABD’de ve İngiltere’de benzer girişimlere ilham veren ve artık bu modelin en bilinen örneği kabul edilen Chiemgauer birimi 2013’te onuncu yılını kutlayacak. Bu girişimlerden bazıları, kullandıkları teknoloji ve paydaşlık sistemi itibariyle ileri modellere doğru yol alıyorlar. Kullanıcıların cep telefonu mesajıyla ödeme yapmasına imkân vererek küçük ölçekli tüccarlar için işlem maliyetlerini kısıtlayan Londra merkezli Brixton poundu bu türden para birimlerinin ilklerindendi. Kısa bir zaman önce ortaya çıkan Bristol poundu ise yerel meclis ve kredi birliklerinden kuvvetli destek gören ilk para birimi oldu. Şehrin belediye başkanı, göreve başladığında ilk iş olarak maaşını Bristol poundu olarak alacağını duyurdu.
Pek üzerinde durulmasa da bu türden para birimlerinin bir başka faydası da küçük ve orta boy işletmelere diğer katılımcı işletmelerde kullanılabilecek kredi kanalları sağlamasıdır. İsviçre’nin tümünde kullanılabilen para birimi WIR, Büyük Buhran sırasında yaratılmıştı; bundan yetmiş sene sonra ise 60 binden fazla işletmeye (tüm ülkedeki işletmelerin yüzde 16’sına) hizmet verir hale geldi. WIR gibi işletmeler-arası para birimi ağları bugün tüm dünyada yerel, ulusal ve hatta uluslararası ticaret için kullanılıyor. Son yıllarda kamu kuruluşları da bu yeni alana ilgi gösterir oldu; özellikle belediyeler ve yerel idareler, seçmenleriyle daha yakın ilişkiler kurabilmek, kamu hizmetlerini daha etkin ve verimli biçimlerde sunabilmek, borç yükünü arttırmaktansa ekonomik kalkınmaya yerel bir değer katabilmek açısından bu teknolojilerin potansiyel arz ettiğinin farkına vardılar.
Tüm farklarına rağmen bu modellerin ortak nitelikleri bunları dönüşüm için önemli birer araç haline getiriyor. Katılım her durumda gönüllülükle olan bir şeydir. Kullanıcılar ancak net bir fayda elde edeceklerine inanırlarsa bu modelleri benimserler. Geleneksel para rejimlerinin aksine bu türden tamamlayıcı para birimleri hayli farklı bir değer sistemi ortaya koyarlar: Ortaya konan fayda bireysel ya da kolektif olabildiği gibi, iktisadi, toplumsal ya da çevresel de olabilir; elde edilecek fayda, modeli başlatanlar tarafından serbestçe belirlendiği gibi, etkileşimin her aşamasında kullanıcılara da hitap etmelidir. Bu anlamda tamamlayıcı para birimleri, kendilerini sürekli olarak yeni duruma göre ayarlamak durumundadır; bunlar kullanıcı davranışına cevap verecek şekilde hızla evrilirler.
Farklı paydaşların modele dâhil olması ve yeni bağlantı teknolojilerinin devreye sokulması, bu para birimlerinin yeni değerler ortaya koymasını mümkün kılar; yerel, bölgesel, sektörel, sanal ya da küresel ölçekte işleyen topluluğun içerdiği kişisel değerlerin pekiştirilmesine destek olur.
Leander Bindewald, Yeni İktisat Vakfı (nef) isimli bir kuruluşun çatısı altında tamamlayıcı para birimleri üzerine çalışmalar yürütmektedir. Nöro-biyoloji, felsefe ve iktisat dallarında eğitim gören Bindewald, kendi ifadesiyle “dönüştürücü katılımın toplumsal teknolojisi” ile ilgilenmektedir. Dünyanın dört bir yanında yaşamış ve çalışmış olan Bindewald, şu sıralar, alternatif iktisat alanındaki en eski ve etkili düşünce kuruluşlarından nef için çalışmaktadır (www.neweconomics.org). Yirmi yıla yakın bir süredir farklı para birimi modellerinin geliştirilmesi ve yaygınlaştırılması için çaba gösteren nef son olarak farklı sektörleri bir araya getiren uluslararası bir katılım projesi üzerine yoğunlaşmaktadır. Bu çalışma kapsamında önümüzdeki iki yıl boyunca pilot para birimi uygulamalarına ve kaynak malzemelere şu adreste yer verilecek: www.communitycurrenciesinaction.eu
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